|
-------- Original Message --------
| Subject:
|
IVPHC: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) sequences
were
submitted to NCBI: GenBank: [Edited]
|
| Date:
|
Tue, 28 Apr 2009 08:52:01 -0700 |
| From:
|
"Stephen M. Apatow"
<s.m.apatow@pathobiologics.org> |
| To:
|
ivphc.wg@pathobiologics.org |
28 April 2009
IDIN:
Pathobiologics
International: Biodefense
Threat Analysis & Communication Center
Subject: Pandemic Influenza: Contingency Planning Discussion
Dear Colleagues:
As per
interest
in the genomic sequence data Swine Influenza A (H1N1) sequences were submitted
to
NCBI: GenBank.
The veterinary medical community is crucial to this "One Medicine"
discussion, but this is an agricultural industrial complex
financial
market challenge. This was also the case with H5N1, when
access
to veterinary diagnostic tests were restricted, and the theme "widespread
human deaths" in a crisis responsive scenario viewed as the only
variable
that would force substantive surveillance.
The overview "Influenza A virus subtype H1N1" can be found on
Wickpedia (emphasis added):
H1N1
is a subtype of influenzavirus A and the most common
cause of influenza in humans. Some strains of
H1N1 are endemic in humans,
including the strain(s) responsible for the 1918 flu pandemic and the many
strains
that cause influenza worldwide each year. Other strains of H1N1
are endemic in pigsin birds. The 1918 flu pandemic killed
50–100 million people worldwide from 1918 to 1919. and [1]
Low
pathogenic H1N1 strains still exist in the wild today, causing roughly
half of all flu infections in 2006.[2]
In
March and
April 2009, an outbreak of influenza-like illness in Mexico
killed nearly 200 people, and in 20 of these people a new strain of
H1N1 was detected.[3]
As of April 27, the new strain was suspected to have infected more than
2,000 individuals worldwide (see 2009 swine flu outbreak). The U.S.
Centers for Disease Control warned that it was possible the
outbreak could develop into a pandemic.[4]
On
April 27,
2009, the World Health Organization raised
alertness from level 3 to level 4 worldwide.[5]
The swine
influenza virus isolated from patients in the United States was found
to
be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses – North
American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human
influenza,
and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe – "an
unusually mongrelised mix of
genetic sequences."[6] This new strain
appears to be a result of reassortment
of human influenza and swine influenza viruses, in all four
different strains of subtype H1N1. However, as the virus has not yet
been isolated
in animals to date and also for historical naming reasons, the World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) suggests it be called
"North-American influenza".[7]
Several complete genome sequences for U.S. flu cases were rapidly made
available through the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data
(GISAID).[8][9]hemagglutinin (HA) gene was
similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999,
but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled
versions present in European swine flu isolates. The six genes from
American
swine flu are themselves mixtures of swine flu, bird flu, and human
flu
viruses.[10][11]
While
viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be
circulating
in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system
to
determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.[12]
Preliminary genetic characterization found that the
- ^ "NAP
Book". http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/7.html.
- ^ "CDC". http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/.
- ^ "Press Room Release Saturday, April 25, 2009".
Health Secretary, Government of Mexico. http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/en/press/?contenido=44436?pagewanted=2.
- ^ "CDC Press Briefing Transcripts April 24, 2009".
Cdc.gov. 2009-01-23. http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2009/t090424.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
- ^ "Current WHO phase of pandemic alert". WHO.
2009-04-27. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/phase/en/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
- ^ "Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic".
New Scientist. 2009-04-26. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17025-deadly-new-flu-virus-in-us-and-mexico-may-go-pandemic.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
- ^ A/H1N1
influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA : OIE statement
- ^ "Likely Swine Flu In Auckland New Zealand Students".
2009-04-26. http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04260901/H1N1_Swine_Aukland.html.
- ^ "GISAID". http://platform.gisaid.org/dante-cms/live/struktur.jdante?aid=1131. . GISAID is freely
available, but subject to license terms and currently subject to a
backlog of applications following the outbreak. Some discussion of
sequence homologies can be found at "FluTracker.com". http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=100610. . The first strains
released are
A/California/09/2009 7M 2009-04-15, A/Texas/05/2009 16M 2009-04-15,
A/Texas/04/2009 16M 2009-04-14, A/California/07/2009 54M 2009-04-09,
A/California/06/2009 41F 2009-04-16, A/California/05/2009 9F
2009-03-30, and A/California/04/2009 10M 2009-04-01.
- ^ Susan Watts (2009-04-25). "Experts concerned about potential flu pandemic".
BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/susanwatts/2009/04/experts_concerned_about_potent.html.
- ^ Dr. Henry Niman at FluTrackers has described the
homologies of the genes as PB2 Avian North America, PB1 Human circa
1993, PA Swine
Eurasia and/or North America, HA Swine North America, NP Swine Eurasia
and/or
North America, NA Swine Eurasia, MP Swine Eurasia, NS Swine Eurasia
and/or
North America.[1]
- ^ "Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children ---
Southern California, March--April 2009". CDC MMWR. 2009-04-22. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5815a5.htm.
Related:
Looking forward to your feedback...
Stephen
M. Apatow
Founder, Director of Research & Development
Humanitarian Resource Institute
Humanitarian University Consortium Graduate Studies
Center for Medicine, Veterinary Medicine & Law
Phone: 203-668-0282
Email: s.m.apatow@humanitarian.net
Internet: www.humanitarian.net
----------------------------------------
|
