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-------- Original Message
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| Subject:
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IVPHC: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) sequences were
submitted to NCBI: GenBank: [Edited]
|
| Date:
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Tue, 28 Apr 2009 08:52:01 -0700 |
| From:
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"Stephen M. Apatow" <s.m.apatow@pathobiologics.org> |
| To:
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ivphc.wg@pathobiologics.org |
28 April 2009
IDIN: Pathobiologics International:
Biodefense Threat
Analysis & Communication Center
Subject: Pandemic Influenza:
Contingency Planning Discussion
Dear Colleagues:
As per interest
in the genomic sequence data Swine Influenza A (H1N1) sequences were submitted to
NCBI: GenBank.
The veterinary medical community is crucial to this "One Medicine"
discussion, but this is an agricultural industrial complex financial
market challenge. This was also the case with H5N1, when access
to veterinary diagnostic tests were restricted, and the theme "widespread
human deaths" in a crisis responsive scenario viewed as the only variable
that would force substantive surveillance.
The overview "Influenza A virus subtype H1N1" can be found on Wickpedia
(emphasis added):
H1N1
is a subtype of influenzavirus A and the most common cause
of influenza in humans. Some strains of H1N1
are endemic in humans, including
the strain(s) responsible for the 1918 flu pandemic and the many strains
that cause influenza worldwide each year. Other strains of H1N1 are
endemic in pigsin birds. The 1918 flu pandemic killed 50–100
million people worldwide from 1918 to 1919. and [1]
Low pathogenic
H1N1 strains still exist in the wild today, causing roughly half of all flu
infections in 2006.[2]
In March and
April 2009, an outbreak of influenza-like illness in Mexico killed
nearly 200 people, and in 20 of these people a new strain of H1N1
was detected.[3] As
of April 27, the new strain was suspected to have infected more than 2,000
individuals worldwide (see 2009 swine flu outbreak). The U.S. Centers
for Disease Control warned that it was possible the outbreak could develop
into a pandemic.[4]
On April 27,
2009, the World Health Organization raised alertness
from level 3 to level 4 worldwide.[5]
The swine
influenza virus isolated from patients in the United States was found to
be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses – North
American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza,
and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe – "an unusually
mongrelised mix of genetic
sequences."[6] This new strain appears
to be a result of reassortment of human influenza and swine influenza viruses, in all four different
strains of subtype H1N1. However, as the virus has not yet been isolated
in animals to date and also for historical naming reasons, the World Organisation
for Animal Health (OIE) suggests it be called "North-American influenza".[7]
Several complete genome sequences for U.S. flu cases were rapidly made
available through the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID).[8][9]hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar
to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase
(NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions
present in European swine flu isolates. The six genes from American
swine flu are themselves mixtures of swine flu, bird flu, and human flu
viruses.[10][11] While
viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating
in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to
determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.[12]
Preliminary genetic characterization found that the
- ^ "NAP
Book". http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/7.html.
- ^ "CDC". http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/.
- ^ "Press Room Release Saturday, April 25, 2009". Health
Secretary, Government of Mexico. http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/en/press/?contenido=44436?pagewanted=2.
- ^ "CDC Press Briefing Transcripts April 24, 2009". Cdc.gov.
2009-01-23. http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2009/t090424.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
- ^ "Current WHO phase of pandemic alert". WHO. 2009-04-27. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/phase/en/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-28.
- ^ "Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic".
New Scientist. 2009-04-26. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17025-deadly-new-flu-virus-in-us-and-mexico-may-go-pandemic.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
- ^ A/H1N1
influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA : OIE statement
- ^ "Likely Swine Flu In Auckland New Zealand Students".
2009-04-26. http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04260901/H1N1_Swine_Aukland.html.
- ^ "GISAID". http://platform.gisaid.org/dante-cms/live/struktur.jdante?aid=1131. . GISAID is freely available,
but subject to license terms and currently subject to a backlog of applications
following the outbreak. Some discussion of sequence homologies can be found
at "FluTracker.com". http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=100610. . The first strains released are
A/California/09/2009 7M 2009-04-15, A/Texas/05/2009 16M 2009-04-15, A/Texas/04/2009
16M 2009-04-14, A/California/07/2009 54M 2009-04-09, A/California/06/2009
41F 2009-04-16, A/California/05/2009 9F 2009-03-30, and A/California/04/2009
10M 2009-04-01.
- ^ Susan Watts (2009-04-25). "Experts concerned about potential flu pandemic". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/susanwatts/2009/04/experts_concerned_about_potent.html.
- ^ Dr. Henry Niman at FluTrackers has described the homologies
of the genes as PB2 Avian North America, PB1 Human circa 1993, PA Swine
Eurasia and/or North America, HA Swine North America, NP Swine Eurasia and/or
North America, NA Swine Eurasia, MP Swine Eurasia, NS Swine Eurasia and/or
North America.[1]
- ^ "Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children --- Southern
California, March--April 2009". CDC MMWR. 2009-04-22. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5815a5.htm.
Related:
Looking forward to your feedback...
Stephen M. Apatow
Founder, Director of Research and Development
Pathobiologics
International
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